At this point in Hebrews, we are dealing with the implicit question: why is the eternal covenant with David (regarding the Son) continued, when the eternal covenant with Phineas (regarding the priesthood) is abandoned? Why does Psalm 110 say that the Levitical priesthood would be replaced?
And the answer is simply that if Psalm 110 speaks of a new priesthood, then that means that the Levitical priesthood was defective:
"Now if perfection had been attainable through the Levitical priesthood (for under it the people received the law), what further need would there have been for another priest to arise after the order of Melchizedek, rather than one named after the order of Aaron?"
In other words, the fact that David spoke of the need for a priest after the order of Melchizedek demonstrates the imperfection of the Levitical priesthood.
Hebrews hasn't told us what that imperfection is yet. Rather, he is showing that the Old Testament itself declared that Aaron's order would be replaced. And if Aaron's order must be replaced, then the law of the priesthood itself must be replaced...
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